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Notes on Mahatma Gandhi

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Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi is respected as the Father of the Nation by all the citizens of India, as he is the man behind India’s successful struggle for independence against the British rule in India. He also worked for the betterment of poor people in India. His ideologies of Satyagraha and non-violence have been guiding the entire world till now. On 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, we are providing you with the details of his life which is equally important for all competitive examinations and for general knowledge.  Mahatma Gandhi He was a well-known activist, political leader, lawyer, and author of various famous books like  The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, Pathway to God,   Constructive Programme   its meaning and place , etc. His life has influenced many, and his ideologies have been adopted by various great leaders like  Martine Luther King, Nelson Mandela,  etc. Earlier Life of Mahatma Gandhi Basic F...
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DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE The evolution of Indian press during British rule was filled with difficulties like illiteracy, colonial pressure and repression. But later on, it became a prominent tool for the freedom struggle. Some of the important developments are: The first printing press was established by Portuguese in 1556. First newspaper of India was established in 1780 by  James Augustus Hickey  named Calcutta General Advertiser or The Bengal Gazette. He is considered as the ‘Father of Indian press’. Bengal Gazette is also sometimes known as Hickey’s Gazette. This newspaper was later seized by the government in 1782. The censorship Act, 1799: It was enacted by Lord Wellesley to prevent French from spreading rumours which could harm British. According to this, every newspaper should contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor. Before printing anything, it should be submitted to the secretary of Censorship. Licensing regulation, 1823: It was enacte...
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC) : HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION John Marshall,  the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Geographical Extent of IVC 1. Extent:  The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Image source: NCERT 2. Important cities City River Archaeological Importance Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar - Rakhigarhi  (Haryana) - -...
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Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty

Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty THE CHALUKYAS Chalukyas were the Karnataka rulers and their History can be classified into three eras: The early western era  (6th - 8th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi); The later western era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Kalyani; The eastern Chalukya era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Vengi. Pulakeshin I  (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami dynasty. The capital of his kingdom was Vatapi in Bijapur. Pulakeshin I  was succeeded by  Kirthivarma I  (566-596). After his untimely death, his brother  Mangalesha (597-610)  was made the caretaker ruler as the son of Kirthivarma I  -  Prince Pulakesin II   was a baby. Mangalesha made several failed attempts to kill the prince but was killed himself by the prince and his friends. The most famous king of the Chalukyan dynasty was  Pul...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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Delhi Sultanate Part-1

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Study Notes for UPSC/PCS: Delhi Sultanate Part-1 The Delhi Sultanate is a noble example for the glory of Medieval India. Its culture, art and architecture that exist even today are praiseworthy.  The Sultans of Delhi ruled for quite a long period of 320 years during which there were achievements in different fields. Go through this article to read about the Delhi Sultanate. Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate   Dynasty Period of Rule Prominent rulers Mamluk or Slave dynasty 1206 – 1290 Qutubuddin Aibek, Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Balban Khilji dynasty 1290 – 1320 Alauddin Khilji Tughlaq dynasty 1321 – 1413 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq Sayyid dynasty 1414 – 1450 Khizr Khan Lodhi dynasty 1451 – 1526 Ibrahim Lodhi Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) Year Ruler Important Facts 1206 - 1210 Qutbuddin Aibak 1)      Most trusted slave of Muhammed of Ghori 2)      Died in 1210 while playing  Chaughan  (Polo) 3) ...
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REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS DURING BRITISH ERA

India's struggle for independence was accompanied by many revolutionary movements that have been raised from different parts of the country. In this article, we will be discussing all important revolutionary movements which are very important for different competitive exams like UPSC, State PCS etc. This article also includes PDF which is downloadable in both English and Hindi. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS DURING BRITISH ERA Revolutionaries are those people who believed in overthrowing the British government in India by means of mass movements. They wanted to organise a rebellion against the government and even tampering with the army and using guerrilla warfare for overthrowing the foreign rule. To overthrow the colonial rule, they openly preached sedition, disloyalty and revolution. Through courage and self-sacrifice, the young revolutionaries were able to inspire a large number of people. Revolutionary movements Chapekar brothers (1897) This was the first political assassination of B...
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Kushana Rule

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Hello Aspirants,  In this article, we have covered the Kushanas rule which was prevalent in Northern India around 232 BC. Below the article you will also find the direct link to download the PDF of these notes. All the Best!! Kushana Rule The decline of the Mauryan empire began after Ashoka’s rule ended in 232 BC. The empire collapsed within 25 years. Simultaneously the area began to shrank and several powers both native and outsiders occupied the space. Among the natives were Sungas, Kanvas and Satvahanas in eastern and Deccan India. During 200 BC, there started widespread contacts with Central Asia. As India didn’t saw any large empire of Mauryan scale for a long time, several of the dynasties from northwestern part started pushing. Some of the prominent were Sakas, Parthians etc. Kushans were one among them who came around 50 AD. Background of Kushans Kushans succeeded the Parthian rulers. Yue-chi tribe was divided into five clans and they were one among them, also called as Toc...
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Governor-General and Viceroy of India

Hello Students, In this article, we will cover the topic of Governor Generals and viceroys in Indian History. We will see the chronology of Governor Generals and the major events that happened during their regime. Governor-General and Viceroy of India Governors of Bengal (1757–74) Robert Clive Governor of Bengal during 1757–60 and again during 1765–67 and established Dual Government in Bengal from 1765–72. Clive’s initial stay in India lasted from 1744 to 1753. He was called back to India in 1755 to ensure British supremacy in the subcontinent against the French. In 1757, Clive along with Admiral Watson was able to recapture Calcutta from the Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah. In the Battle of Plassey, the Nawab was defeated by the British despite having a larger force. Clive ensured an English victory by bribing the Nawab’s army Commander Mir Jaffar, who was installed as Bengal’s Nawab after the battle. Clive was also able to capture some French forts in Bengal. For these exploits, Robe...
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Indian National Movement Part-2

Indian National Movement Part-2 (1905-1917) The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The extremists or aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means. The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Causes for the Rise of Extremism The failure of the Moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act (1892) The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole country and the suffering of the masses The economic conditions of the people became worse. The ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa on the basis of the colour of skin. The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon: He passed the Calcutta Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body. The Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the ...
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