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Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India

Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India Bhakti Movement  Development in South India The development of Bhakti movement took place in  Tamil Nadu  between 7 th  and 12 th  CE. It was reflected in the emotional poems of the  Nayanars  (devotees of Shiva) and  Alvars  (devotees of Vishnu). These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper. Features Discarded rituals and sacrifices The emphasized purity of heart and mind, humanism and devotion Monotheistic in nature God has either  Saguna  or  Nirguna  form An egalitarian movement, they denounced casteism These saints preached in local languages They rejected the austerities preached by Jainism and Buddhism. These religions saw a decline in their growth due to Bhakti movement Social reforms: Disregarded caste system Attacked institutionalized religion, Brahminical dominance, idol worship...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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Notes on Mahatma Gandhi

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Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi is respected as the Father of the Nation by all the citizens of India, as he is the man behind India’s successful struggle for independence against the British rule in India. He also worked for the betterment of poor people in India. His ideologies of Satyagraha and non-violence have been guiding the entire world till now. On 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, we are providing you with the details of his life which is equally important for all competitive examinations and for general knowledge.  Mahatma Gandhi He was a well-known activist, political leader, lawyer, and author of various famous books like  The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, Pathway to God,   Constructive Programme   its meaning and place , etc. His life has influenced many, and his ideologies have been adopted by various great leaders like  Martine Luther King, Nelson Mandela,  etc. Earlier Life of Mahatma Gandhi Basic F...
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Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty

Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty THE CHALUKYAS Chalukyas were the Karnataka rulers and their History can be classified into three eras: The early western era  (6th - 8th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi); The later western era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Kalyani; The eastern Chalukya era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Vengi. Pulakeshin I  (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami dynasty. The capital of his kingdom was Vatapi in Bijapur. Pulakeshin I  was succeeded by  Kirthivarma I  (566-596). After his untimely death, his brother  Mangalesha (597-610)  was made the caretaker ruler as the son of Kirthivarma I  -  Prince Pulakesin II   was a baby. Mangalesha made several failed attempts to kill the prince but was killed himself by the prince and his friends. The most famous king of the Chalukyan dynasty was  Pul...
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC) : HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION John Marshall,  the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Geographical Extent of IVC 1. Extent:  The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Image source: NCERT 2. Important cities City River Archaeological Importance Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar - Rakhigarhi  (Haryana) - -...
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Longest Rivers of India

Longest Rivers of India:  India is a land of rivers.   All rivers in India are regarded as holy/religious sites, and they have played an important part in Indian traditions in various ways from prehistoric times. Every area of India is dotted with numerous significant rivers and  these massive bodies of water play a significant part in the country's economic growth.  What is a River? A river is a natural freshwater watercourse that runs into an ocean, sea, lake, or another river. The majority of India's main rivers run east and empty into the Bay of Bengal. Only five rivers in India flow from east to west, draining into the Arabian Sea: the Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Luni, and Sabarmati. Classification of Rivers India's rivers are classified into two types: Himalayan Rivers (rivers that originate in the Himalayas) and Peninsular Rivers ( rivers that originate in the Peninsula ). Himalayan rivers are permanent, whereas Peninsular rivers are nourished by the rain.  Thi...
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Vijayanagar and Bahmani Empire

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Vijayanagar and Bahmani Empire   Vijaynagar Kingdoms The Sangama Dynasty During the period of disintegrating North India, Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms gave long periods of stability in the Deccan region south of Vindhyas Sangama dynasty was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who were the feudatories of Kakatiyas of Warangal in 1336. Year Ruler Significance 1336 – 1356 Haihara I Laid the foundations of Vijayanagar empire 1356 – 1379 Bukka I Strengthened the city of Vidyanagar and renamed it to Vijaynagar 1379 – 1404 Harihara II Son of Bukka I 1406 – 1422 Deva Raya I 1) Built a dam across Tungabadhra 2)  Nicolo de Conti  visited Vijaynagar 3) Induction of Muslim cavalrymen and archers in army begun 1423 – 1446 Deva Raya II 1) He was called  Praudh Deva Raya 2) His inscriptions have the title  Gajabetekara 3)  Dindima  was the court poet 4)  Abdur Razzak , Persian Traveler ,  envoy of Sharukh visited Vijaynagar The Suluva Dynasty Year Ruler Sign...
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Nicknames of Indian Cities

List of Nicknames of Indian Cities: Name of the City Nicknames State Agra City of Taj Petha Nagari Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Boston of India Manchester of India Gujarat Allahabad or Prayagraj Abode of the God City of Prime Ministers Sangam City Uttar Pradesh Amritsar Golden City of India Punjab Asansol Land of Black Diamond West Bengal Bengaluru or Banglore Electronic City of India Garden City of India IT Capital of India Science city of India Silicon Valley of India Space City Karnataka Bhagalpur The Silk City of India Bihar Bhopal City of Lakes Madhya Pradesh Indore Mini Mumbai Madhya Pradesh Bhimavaram City of Prawns Second Bardoli of India Andhra Pradesh Bhubaneswar Temple City of India Odisha Chandigarh The City Beautiful Chandigarh Chennai Auto Hub of India Detroit of Asia Gateway of South India Health Capital of India Banking Capital of India Motor city of India Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Textile City of India Manchester of South India Capital of Kongunadu Engineering City of In...
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17 Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] To Transform Our World   GOAL 1 : No Poverty.  GOAL 2 : Zero Hunger.  GOAL 3 : Good Health and Well-being.  GOAL 4 : Quality Education.  GOAL 5 : Gender Equality.  GOAL 6 : Clean Water & Sanitation.  GOAL 7 : Affordable & Clean Energy.  GOAL 8 : Decent Work & Economic Growth.  GOAL 9 : Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure.  GOAL 10 : Reduced Inequality.  GOAL 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities.  GOAL 12 : Responsible Consumption & Production.  GOAL 13 : Climate Action.  GOAL 14 : Life Below Water.  GOAL 15 : Life on Land.  GOAL 16 : Peace & Justice Strong Institutions. GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal.
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DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE The evolution of Indian press during British rule was filled with difficulties like illiteracy, colonial pressure and repression. But later on, it became a prominent tool for the freedom struggle. Some of the important developments are: The first printing press was established by Portuguese in 1556. First newspaper of India was established in 1780 by  James Augustus Hickey  named Calcutta General Advertiser or The Bengal Gazette. He is considered as the ‘Father of Indian press’. Bengal Gazette is also sometimes known as Hickey’s Gazette. This newspaper was later seized by the government in 1782. The censorship Act, 1799: It was enacted by Lord Wellesley to prevent French from spreading rumours which could harm British. According to this, every newspaper should contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor. Before printing anything, it should be submitted to the secretary of Censorship. Licensing regulation, 1823: It was enacte...
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