Know About Crops in India

Crops in India – Know About Kharif, Rabi & Zaid Crops in India!

Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Agriculture is the backbone of our country. It includes farming of crops, animal husbandry, pisciculture, agro-forestry etc. Nearly 60% of Indian Population primarily depend on agriculture. Agriculture along with fisheries, forestry and other allied sectors contribute around 15.87% to the overall GDP of our country. The particular weather and soil conditions allow for crops in India uniquely suited to it. Let us take a look at the major crops in India.
Sr. NoCropping SeasonTime PeriodCropsStates
1.RabiSown: October-December
Harvested: April-June		Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard etc.Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh
2.KharifSown: June-July
Harvested: September-October		Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soybean etc.Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra
3.ZaidSown and harvested: March-July
(between Rabi and Kharif)		Seasonal fruits, vegetables, fodder crops etc.Most of the northern and northwestern states

Crop Seasons in India
India is the top producer of many crops in the world. There can be many ways to divide the types of crops (based on area, season, economic value etc.). Based on seasons, the crops in India are divided into three types: Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.

Kharif Crops
  • Sown in June-July when rains first begin (Monsoon crop).
  • Harvested in September-October.
  • Requires lot of water and hot weather to grow.
  • Example: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Groundnut, Jute, Sugarcane, Turmeric, Pulses (like Urad Dal) etc.
Rabi Crops
  • Sown in October-November
  • Harvested in April-May.
  • Requires warm climate for germination of seeds and maturation and cold climate for the growth.
  • Example: Wheat, Oat, Gram, Pea, Barley, Potato, Tomato, Onion, Oil seeds (like Rapeseed, Sunflower, Sesame, Mustard) etc.
Zaid Crops
  • Grown between March-June between Rabi and Kharif crop seasons.
  • Early maturing crops.
  • Example: Cucumber, Bitter Gourd, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Moong Dal etc.
Categories of Crops in India
The major crops can all be divided into four main categories depending on their usage.
  1. Food Crops (Wheat, Maize, Rice, Millets and Pulses etc.)
  2. Cash Crops (Sugarcane, Tobacco, Cotton, Jute and Oilseeds etc.)
  3. Plantation Crops (Coffee, Coconut, Tea, and Rubber etc.)
  4. Horticulture Crops (Fruits and Vegetables)
Major Types of Crops in India
Now let us look at the major crops in India in detail.

Rice
  • Rice is a tropical crop that can be grown almost throughout the year.
  • It depends on atmospheric moisture and rainfall for irrigation.
  • India is the 2nd largest producer of rice in the world.
  • India has largest area in world under rice cultivation.
  • Productivity is low compared to wheat because Green Revolution primarily boosted wheat production in India.
  • The traditional rice fields are known as paddy fields and require to be flooded with 10-12 cm deep water in the early stages.
Wheat
  • It is the 2nd most important food crop in India. It is a Rabi crop.
  • India stands second in production of wheat worldwide.
  • It is more flexible in terms of climactic and other conditions of growth.
Major Crops in IndiaWheat
Type of CropRabi
VarietiesKalyan Sona, Sonalika, Heera
Temperature17-20 °C
Rainfall20-100 cm (ideal ~75 cm)
Soil typeClay loam, Sandy loam
Major ProducersUttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
West Bengal, Uttarakhand
Highest ProducerUttar Pradesh
Highest per Hectare YieldPunjab
Research CentreKarnal, Haryana
Highest Producing CountryChina


Cotton
  • Cotton is a tropical and subtropical Kharif crop.
  • It is a fiber crop and is known as ‘White gold’.
  • India ranks 3rd in the Exporting of cotton worldwide.
  • It is a dry crop but roots need timely supply of water at maturity.
Major Crops in IndiaCotton
Type of CropKharif
VarietiesLong Staple, Medium Staple, Short Staple
Temperature21-30 °C
Rainfall50-100 cm
Soil typeBlack soil (Highly water retentive soil)
Major ProducersGujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa
Highest ProducerGujarat (According to the 2015 report)
Research CentreNagpur, Maharashtra
Highest Producing CountryIndia

 

Jute
  • Jute is a tropical plant that requires hot and humid climate.
  • It is one of the most important natural fibres in terms of cultivation and usage.
  • Almost 85% of the world’s jute is cultivated in the Ganges Delta.
Major Crops in IndiaJute
Type of CropZaid
VarietiesWhite Jute, Tossa Jute
Temperature24-35 °C
Rainfall125-200 cm
Soil typeSandy and Clay Loam
Major ProducersWest Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh
Highest ProducerWest Bengal
Highest per Hectare YieldWest Bengal
Research CentreKolkata & Nilgunj, West Bengal
Highest Producing CountryIndia (but highest exporter is Bangladesh)

 

Sugarcane
  • Sugarcane is an important cash crop. India stands at 2nd position among all countries in the world in its production.
  • Sugarcane crop requires long rainy season of at least 7-8 months.
  • Traditional Sugarcane Production was in North India but it has also shifted to South India.
  • North India Sugarcane are of sub-tropical variety and so have low sugar content.
  • Also sugar factories have to remain shut in winter seasons in North India.
  • South India- Tropical Variety and coastal areas hence have high sugar content and high yield.
Major Crops in IndiaSugarcane
Type of CropKharif, Rabi
Temperature20-26 °C
Rainfall75-150 cm
Soil typeClayey Loamy Soil/ Black Cotton Soil/
Red Loamy Soil/ Brown Loamy Soil
Major ProducersUttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab
Highest ProducerUttar Pradesh
Highest per Hectare YieldTamil Nadu
Research CentreLucknow
Highest Producing CountryBrazil

 

Tea
  • Tea is an evergreen plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical climates.
  • Tea is a labour intensive crop and 50% of the labourers are women.
  • It grows faster under light shade. Commercial cultivation of tea started in India from British era.
  • India is the 2nd largest producer and the largest consumer of tea in the world.
  • Tea plants require high rainfall but its roots cannot tolerate water logging. Hence, it requires sloppy areas.
Major Crops in IndiaTea
Temperature20-30 °C
Rainfall150-300 cm
Soil typeLoamy soil which is acidic in nature
and rich in organic matter.
Major ProducersAssam, Darjeeling (West Bengal),
Meghalaya, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Highest ProducerAssam
Research CentreTocklai, Assam
Highest Producing CountryChina

 

Coffee
  • Coffees are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade.
  • Growing altitudes of coffee range between 1,000 to 1,500 m above sea level for Arabica (premier coffee), and 500 to 1,000 m for Robusta (lower quality).
  • Both varieties are planted in well-drained soil conditions that favour rich organic matter.
  • Coffee plantation is done along hilly slope.
  • Slopes of Arabica tend to be gentle to moderate, while Robusta slopes are gentle to fairly level.
Major Crops in IndiaCoffee
VarietiesArabica and Robusta
Temperature16-28°C
Rainfall150-250 cm
Soil typeWell-drained forest loam
Major ProducersKarnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha,
Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Nagaland
Highest ProducerKarnataka
Highest Producing CountryBrazil

 

Spices

India has been known for its spices since ancient times.

  • Cardamom (Queen of Aromatic Spices) – Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
  • Pepper (King of Spices) – Kerala
  • Chillies – Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan
  • Turmeric – Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
  • Nutmeg – Kerala
  • Arecanut – Kerala, Karnataka, Tripura, Assam
  • Coconut – Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
  • Cinnamon – Kerala
  • Clove – Kerala
  • Ginger – Kerala, Meghalaya, Sikkim

Major Crops in IndiaSpices
Location1000-2000m altitude of Western Ghats and other hilly areas
Temperature10-30 °C
Rainfall200-300 cm
Soil typeLoamy soil/ Lateritic soil
Major ProducersKerala, Karnataka
Highest ProducerKerala

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