Delhi Sultanate

Delhi Sultanate

There were Muslim invasions into India resulted in the established from AD 1206 to 1526. There were five dynasties in the Delhi Sultanate, The Slave dynasty, Khalji, Tuglaq, Sayyids and Lodis.

The Delhi Sultanate refers to five Muslim kingdoms or dynasties that ruled over the territory of Delhi between the years 1206 to 1526 CE. In the 16th Century, the last rulers of the Delhi Sultanate were defeated by Mughals, who then laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. Before the Mughal Empire came into existence, the Delhi Sultanate was considered to be the most powerful State in the Northern India. Many government exams include the topic of history in their questions, thus knowing facts about history is important for you to crack these exams. Read this article to know in detail about the Rulers of Delhi Sultanate.

The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate include:

  • The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
  • The Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320)
  • The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
  • The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
  • The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Let’s find out more about these great dynasties and the Rulers of Delhi Sultanate.

The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)

Here is a list of the Mamluk Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate in this era.

RulerReign
Qutb-ud-din Aibak1206–1210
Aram Shah1210–1211
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish1211–1236
Rukn-ud-din Firuz1236
Raziyat-ud-din Sultana1236–1240
Muiz-ud-din Bahram1240–1242
Ala-ud-din Masud1242–1246
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud1246–1266
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban1266–1286
Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad1286–1290
Kayumars1290
  • Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty (also called the slave dynasty). He was a generous ruler and ruled over the Sultanate of Delhi for over four years. Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of Qutub Minar.
  • Another important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty was Shams-ud-din Iltutmish. He was the son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Shams-ud-din Iltumish was known for the Iqta system of land revenue and the completion of Qutub Minar.
  • After Shams-us-din Iltumish, his military trained daughter Raziya Sultan (Raziyat-ud-din Sultana) took over the Sultanate of Delhi. Balban succeded Raziya Sultan, followed by his grandson Qaiqabad (Kaikubad).
  • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji aka Malik Firuz killed Qaiqabad and put an end to the Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty.

The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

Here is the list of Khilji rulers who ruled over Delhi Sultanate in this era.

RulerReign
Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji1290–1296
Ala-ud-din Khilji1296–1316
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah1316–1320
  • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was also known as the general of slaves and a very smart sultan. He avoided wars with invaders such as Halaku and Ulugh Khan. In fact, he made peace with Ulugh Khan by giving his daughter.
  • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was assassinated by his nephew Ala-ud-din Khilji. He was the first Muslim ruler to be brave enough to cross the Satpuras, Vindhyas and Narmada River to conquer Deccan.
  • Ala-ud-din Khilji passed away in the year 1316 and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah. Mubarak Shah was killed by Khusru Khan who sat on the throne of Delhi Sultanate for some time. Later, he was killed by Ghiyath-al-din Tughluq, which marked the era of the Tughlaq Dynasty.

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)

Here is the list of Tughlaq rulers who ruled over Delhi Sultanate in this era.

RulerReign
Ghiyath-al-din Tughlaq1321–1325
Muhammad bin Tughlaq1325–1351
Firuz Shah Tughlaq1351–1388
Ghiyas-ud-in Tughlaq II1388–1389
Abu Bakr Shah1389–1390
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III1390–1393
Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I1393
Mahmud Nasir ud din1393–1394
Nusrat Shah1394–1399
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah1399–1413
  • The first ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty was Ghiyath-al-Din Tughlaq, who was also known by the name Ghazi Malik.
  • He was succeeded by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq who was known for his misadventures related to administration and war.
  • Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq who was half Muslim (his mother was a Hindu). He was known to establish cities. Under his reign, cities like Firuzshah Kotla (Delhi), Hisar, Jaunpur (West Bengal), Fatahabad, Firozabad were founded.
  • After the demise of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, his successors were killed one by one and the Delhi Sultanate lost its charm and importance.

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

Here is the list of Sayyid Rulers of Delhi Sultanate in this era.

RulerReign
Khizr Khan1414–1421
Mubarak Shah1421–1434
Muhammad Shah1434–1445
Alam Shah1445–1451
  • After the Tughlaq Dynasty, Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid Dynasty. He was the governor of Multan and Timur’s deputy in India. Khizr Khan died of illness and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah.
  • Mubarak Shah had a vision of expanding the empire, but his plans were foiled by opposition and revolts of the nobles. Even with this opposition, Mubarak Shah was an efficient ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
  • After Mubarak Shah, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by two incompetent rulers – Muhammad Shah and Ala-ud-din Alam Shah thereafter. Ala-ud-din Alam Shah was the last ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty. He gave up the throne voluntarily in favour of Bahlol Lodi.

The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Here is the list of Afghan Lodi Rulers of Delhi Sultanate in this era.

RulerReign
Bahlol Lodi1451–1489
Sikander Lodi1489–1517
Ibrahim Lodi1517–1526
  • The rulers of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty were the last rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. They tried their best to bring Delhi to the past glory, but could not succeed.
  • Bahlol Lodi was the first ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty and was succeeded by his son Sikandar Lodi.
  • Sikandar Lodi was known for his leadership and thirst for supremacy. He launched campaigns against several kingdoms. In the year 1503, he established the city of Agra. He also transferred his headquarter to Agra due to its strategic location.
  • Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi, who was the last of the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate.
  • One of Ibrahim Lodi’s uncles, Daulat Khan Lodi, fled to Kabul and invited Babur to attack India. Taking Daulat Khan Lodi’s advice, Babur attacked Northern India and thus the Afghan Lodi Dynasty came to an end.
Read In Hindi

दिल्ली सल्तनत

भारत में मुस्लिम आक्रमण हुए, जिसका परिणाम 1206 ई। से 1526 के बीच हुआ। दिल्ली सल्तनत में पाँच राजवंश थे, गुलाम वंश, खिलजी, तुगलक, सैय्यद और लोदी।

दिल्ली सल्तनत पाँच मुस्लिम राज्यों या राजवंशों को संदर्भित करता है जो दिल्ली के क्षेत्र पर 1206 से 1526 ईस्वी के बीच शासन करते थे। 16 वीं शताब्दी में, दिल्ली सल्तनत के अंतिम शासकों को मुगलों ने हराया था, जिन्होंने तब भारत में मुगल साम्राज्य की नींव रखी थी। मुगल साम्राज्य के अस्तित्व में आने से पहले, दिल्ली सल्तनत को उत्तरी भारत में सबसे शक्तिशाली राज्य माना जाता था। कई सरकारी परीक्षाओं में उनके प्रश्नों में इतिहास का विषय शामिल होता है, इस प्रकार इन परीक्षाओं को क्रैक करने के लिए इतिहास के तथ्यों को जानना आपके लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। दिल्ली सल्तनत के शासकों के बारे में विस्तार से जानने के लिए इस लेख को पढ़ें।

दिल्ली सल्तनत के पांच राजवंशों में शामिल हैं:

  • मामलुक राजवंश (1206-1290)
  • खिलजी वंश (1290 -1320)
  • तुगलक वंश (1320-1414)
  • सैय्यद राजवंश (1414-1451)
  • अफगान लोदी राजवंश (1451-1526)

आइए इन महान राजवंशों और दिल्ली सल्तनत के शासकों के बारे में अधिक जानें।

मामलुक राजवंश-(दास वशं) (1206-1290)

इस युग में दिल्ली सल्तनत के मामलुक शासकों की सूची इस प्रकार है।

शासकशासन काल
Qutb-ud-din Aibak1206–1210
Aram Shah1210–1211
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish1211–1236
Rukn-ud-din Firuz1236
Raziyat-ud-din Sultana1236–1240
Muiz-ud-din Bahram1240–1242
Ala-ud-din Masud1242–1246
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud1246–1266
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban1266–1286
Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad1286–1290
Kayumars1290
  • कुतुब-उद-दीन ऐबक मामलुक वंश का पहला शासक था (जिसे दास वंश भी कहा जाता है)। वह एक उदार शासक था और उसने दिल्ली की सल्तनत पर चार साल तक शासन किया। कुतुब-उद-दीन ऐबक ने कुतुब मीनार की नींव रखी।
  • मामलुक वंश का एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण शासक शम्स-उद-दीन इल्तुतमिश था । वह कुतुब-उद-दीन ऐबक का दामाद था । शम्स-उद-दीन इल्तुमिश, भू राजस्व की इक्ता प्रणाली और कुतुब मीनार के पूरा होने के लिए जाना जाता था।
  • शम्स-उस-दीन इल्तुमिश के बाद, उनकी सैन्य प्रशिक्षित बेटी रजिया सुल्तान (रजियात-उद-दीन सुल्ताना) ने दिल्ली की सल्तनत पर कब्जा कर लिया। बलबन ने रजिया सुल्तान पर मुकदमा चलाया, उसके बाद उसके पोते क़ायकाबाद (कैकुबाद) से।
  • जलाल-उद-दीन फ़िरोज़ खिलजी उर्फ ​​मलिक फ़िरोज़ ने क़ायबाबाद को मार डाला और मामलुक वंश या गुलाम वंश का अंत कर दिया।

खिलजी वंश (1290-1320)

यहाँ इस युग में दिल्ली सल्तनत पर शासन करने वाले खिलजी शासकों की सूची दी गई है।

शासक
शासन काल
Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji1290–1296
Ala-ud-din Khilji1296–1316
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah1316–1320
  • जलाल-उद-दीन फ़िरोज़ खिलजी को गुलामों के सेनापति और बहुत ही चतुर सुल्तान के रूप में भी जाना जाता था। वह हलाकू और उलुग खान जैसे आक्रमणकारियों के साथ युद्ध से बचता था। वास्तव में, उन्होंने अपनी बेटी को देकर उलूग खान के साथ शांति स्थापित की।
  • जलाल-उद-दीन फिरोज खिलजी की हत्या उसके भतीजे अला-उद-दिन खिलजी ने की थी। वह पहला मुस्लिम शासक था जिसने डेक्कन को जीतने के लिए सतपुड़ा, विंध्य और नर्मदा नदी को पार करने के लिए पर्याप्त बहादुर बनाया था।
  • अला-उद-दीन खिलजी का वर्ष 1316 में निधन हो गया था और उनके बेटे मुबारक शाह द्वारा उनका उत्तराधिकार किया गया था। मुबारक शाह को खुसरु खान ने मार डाला जो कुछ समय के लिए दिल्ली सल्तनत के सिंहासन पर बैठा। बाद में, वह घियाथ-अल-दीन तुगलक द्वारा मारा गया, जिसने तुगलक वंश के युग को चिह्नित किया।

तुगलक वंश (1320-1414)

यहां तुगलक शासकों की सूची दी गई है जिन्होंने इस युग में दिल्ली सल्तनत पर शासन किया था।

शासकशासन काल
Ghiyath-al-din Tughlaq1321–1325
Muhammad bin Tughlaq1325–1351
Firuz Shah Tughlaq1351–1388
Ghiyas-ud-in Tughlaq II1388–1389
Abu Bakr Shah1389–1390
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III1390–1393
Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I1393
Mahmud Nasir ud din1393–1394
Nusrat Shah1394–1399
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah1399–1413
  • तुगलक वंश के पहले राजा Ghiyath-अल-दीन तुगलक था , जो भी नाम गाजी मलिक से जाना जाता था।
  • वह मुहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक द्वारा सफल हुआ था जो प्रशासन और युद्ध से संबंधित अपने गलत कामों के लिए जाना जाता था।
  • मुहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक को फिरोज शाह तुगलक ने आधा मुसलमान बनाया (उसकी माँ एक हिंदू थी)। वह शहरों की स्थापना के लिए जाने जाते थे। उनके शासन में, फ़िरोज़शाह कोटला (दिल्ली), हिसार, जौनपुर (पश्चिम बंगाल), फ़तहाबाद, फ़िरोज़ाबाद जैसे शहरों की स्थापना हुई।
  • फिरोज शाह तुगलक के निधन के बाद, उसके उत्तराधिकारी एक-एक करके मारे गए और दिल्ली सल्तनत ने अपना आकर्षण और महत्व खो दिया।

सैय्यद राजवंश (1414-1451)

इस युग में दिल्ली सल्तनत के सैय्यद शासकों की सूची इस प्रकार है।

शासक शासन काल
Khizr Khan1414–1421
Mubarak Shah1421–1434
Muhammad Shah1434–1445
Alam Shah1445–1451
  • तुगलक वंश के बाद, खिज्र खान ने सैय्यद राजवंश की स्थापना की। वह भारत में मुल्तान और तैमूर के डिप्टी गवर्नर थे । खिज्र खान की बीमारी से मृत्यु हो गई और उनके बेटे मुबारक शाह ने उनका उत्तराधिकार किया।
  • मुबारक शाह के पास साम्राज्य के विस्तार की एक दृष्टि थी, लेकिन उनकी योजनाओं को विपक्षियों और रईसों के विद्रोह ने नाकाम कर दिया था। इस विरोध के साथ भी, मुबारक शाह दिल्ली सल्तनत का एक कुशल शासक था।
  • मुबारक शाह के बाद, दिल्ली सल्तनत पर दो अक्षम शासकों - मुहम्मद शाह और अलाउद्दीन आलम शाह का शासन था। अलाउद्दीन आलम शाह सैय्यद राजवंश का अंतिम शासक था। उन्होंने बहलोल लोदी के पक्ष में स्वेच्छा से सिंहासन त्याग दिया।

अफगान लोदी राजवंश (1451-1526)

इस युग में दिल्ली सल्तनत के अफगान लोदी शासकों की सूची इस प्रकार है।

शासक शासन काल
Bahlol Lodi1451–1489
Sikander Lodi1489–1517
Ibrahim Lodi1517–1526
  • अफगान लोदी राजवंश के शासक दिल्ली सल्तनत के अंतिम शासक थे। उन्होंने दिल्ली को अतीत के गौरव तक पहुंचाने की पूरी कोशिश की, लेकिन सफल नहीं हो सके।
  • बहलोल लोदी अफगान लोदी राजवंश के पहले शासक थे और उनके बेटे सिकंदर लोदी द्वारा सफल हुए थे।
  • सिकंदर लोदी अपने नेतृत्व और वर्चस्व की प्यास के लिए जाने जाते थे। उन्होंने कई राज्यों के खिलाफ अभियान चलाया। 1503 में, उन्होंने आगरा शहर की स्थापना की। उसने अपने रणनीतिक स्थान के कारण अपना मुख्यालय आगरा स्थानांतरित कर दिया।
  • सिकंदर लोदी को उनके बेटे इब्राहिम लोदी ने सफल किया, जो दिल्ली सल्तनत के सुल्तानों में अंतिम थे।
  • इब्राहिम लोदी के चाचाओं में से एक, दौलत खान लोदी, काबुल भाग गए और बाबर को भारत पर हमला करने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। दौलत खान लोदी की सलाह लेते हुए, बाबर ने उत्तरी भारत पर हमला किया और इस तरह अफगान लोदी राजवंश का अंत हो गया।

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Name of the Waterfall Height District State Nohkalikai Falls 340 metres (1,120 ft) East Khasi Hills Meghalaya Nohsngithiang Falls   315 metres (1,033 ft) East Khasi Hills Meghalaya Dudhsagar Falls   310 metres (1,020 ft) Sanguem Goa Kynrem Falls   305 metres (1,001 ft) East Khasi Hills Meghalaya Meenmutty Falls   300 metres (980 ft) Wayanad Kerala Thalaiyar Falls   297 metres (974 ft) Dindigul Tamil Nadu Barkana Falls   259 metres (850 ft) Shimoga Karnataka Jog Falls   253 metres (830 ft) Shimoga Karnataka Khandadhar Falls   244 metres (801 ft) Sundargarh Odisha Vantawng Falls   229 metres (751 ft) Serchhip Mizoram Barehipani Falls   217 metres (712 ft) Mayurbhanj Odisha Kune Falls   200 metres (660 ft) Pune Maharashtra Soochipara Falls   200 metres (660 ft) Wayanad Kerala Magod Falls   198 metres (650 ft) Uttara Kannada Karnataka Kunchikal Falls   ...
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17 Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] To Transform Our World   GOAL 1 : No Poverty.  GOAL 2 : Zero Hunger.  GOAL 3 : Good Health and Well-being.  GOAL 4 : Quality Education.  GOAL 5 : Gender Equality.  GOAL 6 : Clean Water & Sanitation.  GOAL 7 : Affordable & Clean Energy.  GOAL 8 : Decent Work & Economic Growth.  GOAL 9 : Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure.  GOAL 10 : Reduced Inequality.  GOAL 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities.  GOAL 12 : Responsible Consumption & Production.  GOAL 13 : Climate Action.  GOAL 14 : Life Below Water.  GOAL 15 : Life on Land.  GOAL 16 : Peace & Justice Strong Institutions. GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal.
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History of Banking in India (Before & After Independence)

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History of Banking in India (Before & After Independence):  The banking system is considered as the  backbone of a nation's economy . Modern banking in India originated in the last decade of the 18th century. We have come up with the history of banking, before and after independence. The history of banking began when empires needed a way to pay for foreign goods and services with something that could be exchanged or facilitated easily. Prior to this, banking procedures were carried by informal methods in the ancient World. However, formal banking has been developed around the 20th century. In India, banking has developed from the primitive to the modern stage of banking in a fashion that has no parallel in world history.  Today, the Indian banking system is divided into commercial banks (Both Public, Private Banks, schedules and non-scheduled), Regional Rural Banks, Cooperative Banks, etc. In this article, we will dig deeper to make you understand different phase...
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Appointed Brand Ambassadors List

Recently Appointed Brand Ambassadors List Persons Name of the Brands and Campaigns Deepika Padukone Addidas , Llyod, Levi’s, Plant-based nutrition brand OZiva Manoj Bajpayee FloBiz flagship product named myBillBook Salman Khan Covid-Vaccine Ambassador of Maharashtra, Pepsi, Navratna Oil MC Mary Kom TRIFED Aadi Mahotsav Smriti Mandhana (India’s  Women Cricketer) GUVI , Playerzpot, Equitas Small Finance Bank (ESFB), Equitas  Small Finance Bank (ESFB) Jasprit Bumrah Unix Ranveer Singh National Basketball Association (NBA) , Manyavar, Oyakaya Power  Group, JBL, Flite, Bingo, Llyod, Xiaomi India, Kajaria Ply, Dish TV,  Siyaram, Big Muscle, Nutrition, Kansai Narolac, Kotak Mahindra  Bank, Thumps Up, Make My Trip, Set Wet, Adidas, Carrera FW,  Jack And Jones, Colgate, Nexa, Vivo, Ching’s, Kellogg’s, Royal  Stag, CoinSwitch Kuber onboards Ranveer Brar Asahi Kasei Kriti Sanon FOSSIL ,Skincare Brand JOY, Magic bricks, Dabur(for its skincare  brand Fem), Whi...
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list of Important Revolutions in India

Revolution Field / Product Father of Revolutions Period Green Revolution Agriculture M.S.Swaminathan 1966 - 1967 White Revolution or Operation flood Milk/Dairy products Verghese Kurien 1970-1996 Blue Revolution Fish & Aqua Dr.Arun Krishnan 1973-2002 Golden Revolution Fruits, Honey, Horticulture Nirpakh Tutej 1991- 2003 Silver Revolution Eggs Indira Gandhi 2000's Yellow Revolution Oil Seeds Sam Pitroda 1986 - 1990 Pink Revolution Pharmaceuticals, Prawns, Onion Durgesh Patel 1970's Brown Revolution Leather, Coco Hirlal Chaudri ---------- Red Revolution Meat, Tomato Vishal Tewari 1980's Golden Fibre Revolution Jute         _________ 1990's Evergreen Revolution Overall Production of Agriculture. M.S.Swaminathan 2017-2022 Black Revolution Petroleum       _________   ____ Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton        _________ 2000's Round Revolution Potato         _________ 1965- 2005 Protein Revolution Agriculture (...
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SOME IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

🏛 SOME IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS :- 🟠UNITED NATIONS [UN]. ◼️Formation : 1945. ◼️HQ : Yew York, USA. ◼️Member Countries : 193. 🟠FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION [FAO]. ◼️Formation : 1945. ◼️HQ : Rome, Italy ◼️Member Countries : 197. 🟠International Labour Organization [ILO]. ◼️Formation : 1919. ◼️HQ : Geneva, Switzerland. ◼️Member Countries : 187. 🟠International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO]. ◼️Formation :  1947. ◼️HQ : Montreal, Canada. 🟠International Maritime Organization [IMO]. ◼️Formation : 1948. ◼️HQ : London, UK. ◼️Member Countries : 174. 🟠United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] ◼️Formation : 1965 ◼️HQ : New York, USA ◼️Member Countries : 170. 🟠United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] ◼️Established : 1972 ◼️HQ : Nairobi, Kenya. 🟠United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] ◼️Formation : 1969 ◼️HQ : New York, USA 🟠United Nations Children Fund [UNICEF] ◼️Formation : 1946 ◼️HQ : New York, USA. 🟠World Food Programme [WEP] ◼️Formation : 1961 ◼️HQ : Ro...
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Human Brain and Its Function

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Human Brain The human brain controls nearly every aspect of the human body ranging from physiological functions to cognitive abilities. It functions by receiving and sending signals via neurons to different parts of the body. The human brain, just like most other mammals, has the same basic structure, but it is better developed than any other mammalian brain.  Table of Contents Human Brain Brain Diagram Location Human Brain Parts Read on to explore the human brain structure, diagram, parts of the human brain and the body functions controlled by the human brain. The Human Brain On average, an adult brain weighs between 1.0 kg – 1.5 kg. It is mainly composed of neurons – the fundamental unit of the brain and nervous system. Recent estimates have suggested that the brain contains anywhere between 86 billion to 100 billion neurons. The brain, along with the spinal cord, constitutes the central nervous system. It is responsible for thoughts, interpretation and origin of control for bo...
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IBPS PO MAINS CA EXACT QUESTION2021-22

IBPS PO MAINS CA EXACT QUESTION  : Q1.Nse prime company needs to have atleast ---------- public share holding as against 25 % under sebi rules.  a) 75 b)40 C) 55 d) 50 e) 60 Q2.-------- appointed as chairperson of In space  Q3.ASI --> 84 acre land located in --------- historic moment,bibi-ka-maqbara considered as replica of taj mahal Q4.Sbi, ubi decided to adopt -------- Method for auction of loan accounts ksk mahanadi power co Ltd  a) reverse auction b) swiss challenge c) dutch d) vickery e) english Q5.Da Vinci code is wriiten by  a) John grisham b) dan Brown C) james rollins d) David baldacci e) jan Caldwell Q6.......... Chairperson of delimitation commission a draft paper proposing ------- additional assembly seats for j&k Q7.dept of atomic energy, Goi India's present nuclear capacity of -------- is planned to be increased to 22,480MW by 2031 Q8.paytm partnered with --------- companies to enable international fund transfer directly to any full kyc comp...
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