Indian History Chronology: Ancient India to Modern India –

Indian History Chronology: Indian History is a topic of interest to many including foreigners because of the cultures and civilizations existed in this sub-continent. History of India can be studied under political, cultural, religious or economic heads.

Indian History Chronology

Chronologically, Indian History can be classified into three periods – Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India.

Ancient India (Pre-historic to AD 700) There were activities of proto-humans (Homo erectus) in the Indian subcontinent 20 lakh years (2 million years) ago, and of Homo sapiens since 70,000 BC. But they were gathers/hunters. The first inhabitants of Indian subcontinent might have been tribals like Nagas (North-East), Santhals (East-India), Bhils (Central India), Gonds (Central India), Todas (South India) etc. Most of them are speakers of the Austric, pre-Dravidian languages, such as Munda and Gondvi. Dravidians and Aryans are believed to be immigrants who came later to the sub-continent. Ancient India can be studied under other heads like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic period – based on the type of stone/ metal tools people used. Paleolithic Period (2 million BC – 10,000 BC) Fire Tools made up of lime stone Ostrich Eggs Important Paleolithic sites: Bhimbetka (M.P), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, M.P), Kaladgi Basin Mesolithic Period (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC) Major Climatic Change happened Domestication of animals ie Cattle rearing started Microliths found at Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat Neolithic Period (8000 BC – 4,000 BC) Agriculture Started Wheel discovered Inamgaon = An early village Important Neolithic Sites : Burzahom(Kashmir), Gufkral(Kashmir), Mehrgarh(Pakistan), Chirand(Bihar), Daojali Hading(Tripura/Assam), Koldihwa(UP), Mahagara(UP), Hallur(AP), Paiyampalli(AP), Maski, Kodekal, Sangana Kaller, Utnur, Takkala Kota. NB: Megalithic Sites: Brahmagiri, Adichanallur Chalcolithic Period (4000 BC – 1,500 BC) Copper Age. Can be considered part of Bronze Age. (Bronze = Copper + Tin) Indus Valley Civilization (BC 2700 – BC 1900). Also cultures at Brahmagiri, Navada Toli (Narmada region), Mahishadal (W.Bengal), Chirand (Ganga region) Iron Age (BC 1500 – BC 200) Vedic Period (Arrival of Aryans ie. BC 1600 – BC 600) – Nearly 1000 years (Basic books of Hinduism, ie Vedas were composed, might have written down later.) Jainism and Buddhism Mahajanapadas – Major Civilization after Indus Valley- On banks of river Ganga Magadha empire – Bimbisara of Haryanka Kula Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka (Kakavarnin) Nanda empire – Mahapadma-nanda, Dhana-nanda Persian- Greek: Alexander 327 BC Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC) Important rulers of Mauryan Empire: Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, Asoka Post-Mauryan Kingdoms (Middle Kingdoms): Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27BC), Satavahanas (235-100BC), Indo-Greeks, Parthians (19-45AD), Sakas (90BC-150AD), Kushanas(78AD) South Indian Kingdoms – Chola, Chera, Pandyas (BC 300) Gupta Kingdom (300AD – 800AD): Classical Period Important ruler of Gupta Period: Samudra Gupta (Indian Napoleon) Post Guptas or Contemporary Guptas Harshvardana, Vakatakas, Pallavas, Chalukyas. Also, Hunas, Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas and Chauhans.

Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857) AD: 800-1200: Tripartite struggle – Prathiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas Attack of Muhammed Bin Kassim (AD 712) Rise of Islam and Sufism Mohammed Ghazni (AD 1000-27) Mohammed Ghori (AD 1175-1206) * Kingdoms of South India During Medieval India – Bhamini and Vijayanagara Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD) The following dynasties flourished one after the other during the Delhi Sultanate period. Slave Dynasty Kilji Dynasty Tuglaq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodi Dynasty Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857) Great Mughals Later Mughals Mughals from Babar (1526) to Aurangazeb (1707) were more powerful and hence known as Great Mughals. Mughals who ruled from 1707 to 1857 were known as Later Mughals. Arrival of Europeans Other Kingdoms of North India – Marathas, Sikhs Modern India (AD 1857 +) First War of Indian Independence (1857) Formation of Indian National Congress (1885) Formation of Muslim League (1906) Non-Co-operation Movement (1920) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit India Movement (1942) Partition of India (1947) Constitutional Development of India (1946 – 1950) Economic Development of India Wars – India-Pak – Formation of Bangladesh; India- China New Economic Policy of 1991 Nuclear, Space and Defense Development History Schools Orientalist School – West Patronizing the East Culture – Not active now Cambridge School – Downplays ideology Nationalist School – Importance to Congress and Gandhi; Hindu Nationalists for Hindutva version Marxists School – Class conflict Subaltern School – Caste conflict