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Delhi Sultanate Part-1

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Study Notes for UPSC/PCS: Delhi Sultanate Part-1 The Delhi Sultanate is a noble example for the glory of Medieval India. Its culture, art and architecture that exist even today are praiseworthy.  The Sultans of Delhi ruled for quite a long period of 320 years during which there were achievements in different fields. Go through this article to read about the Delhi Sultanate. Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate   Dynasty Period of Rule Prominent rulers Mamluk or Slave dynasty 1206 – 1290 Qutubuddin Aibek, Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Balban Khilji dynasty 1290 – 1320 Alauddin Khilji Tughlaq dynasty 1321 – 1413 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq Sayyid dynasty 1414 – 1450 Khizr Khan Lodhi dynasty 1451 – 1526 Ibrahim Lodhi Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) Year Ruler Important Facts 1206 - 1210 Qutbuddin Aibak 1)      Most trusted slave of Muhammed of Ghori 2)      Died in 1210 while playing  Chaughan  (Polo) 3) ...
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC) : HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION John Marshall,  the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Geographical Extent of IVC 1. Extent:  The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Image source: NCERT 2. Important cities City River Archaeological Importance Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar - Rakhigarhi  (Haryana) - -...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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Mughal Empire Part-1

Mughal Empire Part-1 Mughal Empire 1526 – 1530 AD Babur Founder of Mughal empire after the 1 st Battle of Panipat 1530 – 1540 AD 1555 – 1556 AD Humayun He was defeated by Sher Shah 1540 – 1555 AD Sur Empire Sher Shah defeated Humayun and ruled from 1540-45 AD 1556 2 nd  Battle of Panipat Akbar Vs. Hemu 1556 – 1605 AD Akbar Established Din-i-illahi, expanded Mughal empire 1605 – 1627 AD Jehangir Captain William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited the Mughal court 1628 -1658 AD Shahjahan The pinnacle of Mughal empire and art and architecture 1658 – 1707 AD Aurangazeb Beginning of the decline of Mughal empire 1707 – 1857 AD Later Mughals Decline and disintegration of the Mughal empire with gaining strength of the British Babur (1526 - 1530) Babur,  the founder of Mughal Empire in India, traced his ancestry to the Timurid dynasty. In 1517 Ibrahim Lodhi succeeded Sikander Lodhi. Embassies from Daulat Khan and Rana Sanga inviting Babur to displace Ibrahim Lodhi led to  the 1 st ...
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Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty

Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty THE CHALUKYAS Chalukyas were the Karnataka rulers and their History can be classified into three eras: The early western era  (6th - 8th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi); The later western era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Kalyani; The eastern Chalukya era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Vengi. Pulakeshin I  (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami dynasty. The capital of his kingdom was Vatapi in Bijapur. Pulakeshin I  was succeeded by  Kirthivarma I  (566-596). After his untimely death, his brother  Mangalesha (597-610)  was made the caretaker ruler as the son of Kirthivarma I  -  Prince Pulakesin II   was a baby. Mangalesha made several failed attempts to kill the prince but was killed himself by the prince and his friends. The most famous king of the Chalukyan dynasty was  Pul...
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Notes on Mahatma Gandhi

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Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi is respected as the Father of the Nation by all the citizens of India, as he is the man behind India’s successful struggle for independence against the British rule in India. He also worked for the betterment of poor people in India. His ideologies of Satyagraha and non-violence have been guiding the entire world till now. On 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, we are providing you with the details of his life which is equally important for all competitive examinations and for general knowledge.  Mahatma Gandhi He was a well-known activist, political leader, lawyer, and author of various famous books like  The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, Pathway to God,   Constructive Programme   its meaning and place , etc. His life has influenced many, and his ideologies have been adopted by various great leaders like  Martine Luther King, Nelson Mandela,  etc. Earlier Life of Mahatma Gandhi Basic F...
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Arrival of Europeans in India

Arrival of Europeans in India Portuguese Vasco-da-Gama  reached the port of Calicut in 1498 during the reign of king Zamorin (Hindu ruler of Calicut). Settlements:  Daman, Salsette, Chaul, and Bombay (West coast), San Thome (near Madras) and at Hooghly. Alfonso de Albuquerque , the second Governor of India (first being Fransisco de Almeida) arrived in 1509 and captured Goa in AD 1510. Dutch Dutch  East India Company was formed in AD 1602. Dutch  were defeated by English at the  Battle of Bedara  in AD 1759 and as per the agreement, the Dutch gained the control over Indonesia and the British over India, Sri Lanka and Malaya. Settlements  They set-up their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1605. Their other factories were at Pulicat, Chinsura, Patna, Balasore, Naga pattanam, Cochin, Surat, Karikal, and Kasimbazar. English The English East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. Jahangir granted a Farman to...
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The Rajput States

The Rajput States Rajputana There was an expansion of aggressive and expansionist Turk tribesmen in the North-western India whose main mode of warfare was rapid advance and retreat. The disintegration of Gurjara-Pratiharas in North-Western India led to a time of Political uncertainty. The Ghaznavids Mahmud (998-1030) ascended the throne of Ghazni Firdausi was a court-poet of Ghazni. His famous work “Shah Namah” was a watershed in Iranian renaissance Mahmud was a plunderer and destroyer of temples. In 1025, he raided and plundered the Somnath temple in Gujarat. He undertook 17 raids in India and constantly fought against the Hindushahi rulers Seljuk Empire was established with the death of Mahmud The Rajput States The break-up of the Pratiharas empire led to the formation of Rajputana states. Few important of these were- (a) Gahadavalas of Kannauj (b) Paramaras of Malva (c) Chauhans of Ajmer Few other significant states were Kalachuris near Jabalpur, Chandellas in Bundelkhand, Chalukyas...
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DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE The evolution of Indian press during British rule was filled with difficulties like illiteracy, colonial pressure and repression. But later on, it became a prominent tool for the freedom struggle. Some of the important developments are: The first printing press was established by Portuguese in 1556. First newspaper of India was established in 1780 by  James Augustus Hickey  named Calcutta General Advertiser or The Bengal Gazette. He is considered as the ‘Father of Indian press’. Bengal Gazette is also sometimes known as Hickey’s Gazette. This newspaper was later seized by the government in 1782. The censorship Act, 1799: It was enacted by Lord Wellesley to prevent French from spreading rumours which could harm British. According to this, every newspaper should contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor. Before printing anything, it should be submitted to the secretary of Censorship. Licensing regulation, 1823: It was enacte...
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Indian National Movement Part-2

Indian National Movement Part-2 (1905-1917) The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The extremists or aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means. The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Causes for the Rise of Extremism The failure of the Moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act (1892) The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole country and the suffering of the masses The economic conditions of the people became worse. The ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa on the basis of the colour of skin. The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon: He passed the Calcutta Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body. The Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the ...
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