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Tribal Revolt

British colonialism faced revolt not only by the civilian population but also by the tribes of various regions throughout colonial India. The strong wave of resistance against British rule was there in present-day Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bengal and North-Eastern state. Tribal Revolts in India During British Period The tribal population of the contemporary Orissa region is considered to be first among these groups to revolt against the tyranny of British colonial rule.  On the basis of the geographical area occupied by different tribal groups, these uprisings are further subdivided into two categories: (a) Uprisings by Non-frontier tribes (b) Uprisings by Frontier tribes The  major Causes  for such tribal uprisings were: Exploitative land Revenue Policies and Expansion of agriculture and plantation activities on forested land by outsider non-tribal population in areas inhabited by the tribal population. Works of numerous Christian missionaries were looked with sus...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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Delhi Sultanate Part-1

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Study Notes for UPSC/PCS: Delhi Sultanate Part-1 The Delhi Sultanate is a noble example for the glory of Medieval India. Its culture, art and architecture that exist even today are praiseworthy.  The Sultans of Delhi ruled for quite a long period of 320 years during which there were achievements in different fields. Go through this article to read about the Delhi Sultanate. Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate   Dynasty Period of Rule Prominent rulers Mamluk or Slave dynasty 1206 – 1290 Qutubuddin Aibek, Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Balban Khilji dynasty 1290 – 1320 Alauddin Khilji Tughlaq dynasty 1321 – 1413 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq Sayyid dynasty 1414 – 1450 Khizr Khan Lodhi dynasty 1451 – 1526 Ibrahim Lodhi Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) Year Ruler Important Facts 1206 - 1210 Qutbuddin Aibak 1)      Most trusted slave of Muhammed of Ghori 2)      Died in 1210 while playing  Chaughan  (Polo) 3) ...
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC) : HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION John Marshall,  the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Geographical Extent of IVC 1. Extent:  The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Image source: NCERT 2. Important cities City River Archaeological Importance Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar - Rakhigarhi  (Haryana) - -...
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The Rajput States

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All Famous Inventions and Their Inventor's

Sr.No. Invention Inventor Country Year 1 Adding Machine Pascal France 1642 2 Aeroplane Wright brothers USA 1903 3 Balloon Jacques and Joseph  Montgolfier France 1783 4 Ball –Point pen C. Biro Hungary 1938 5 Barometer E. Torricelli Italy 1644 6 Bicycle K. Macmillan Scotland 1839 7 Bicycle Tyre J.B. Dunlop Scotland 1888 8 Calculating Machine Pascal France 1642 9 Centrigrade Scale A.Celsius France 1742 10 Cinematograph Thomas Alva Edison USA 1891 11 Computer Charles Babbage Britain 1834 12 Cine Camera Friese-Greene Britain 1889 13 Cinema A.L. and J.L. Lumiere France 1895 14 Clock (Machanical) Hsing and Ling –Tsan China 1725 15 Clock (Pendulum) C. Hugyens Netherlands 1657 16 Diesel engine Rudolf diesel Germany 1892 17 Dynamite Alfred Nobel Sweden 1867 18 Dynamo Michael Faraday England 1831 19 Electric Iron H.W. Seeley USA 1882 20 Electric lamp Thomas Alva Edison USA 1879 21 Electromagnet W. sturgeon England 1824 22 Evolution (theory) Charles Darwin England 1858 23 Film (with sound) Dr....
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Mughal Empire Part-1

Mughal Empire Part-1 Mughal Empire 1526 – 1530 AD Babur Founder of Mughal empire after the 1 st Battle of Panipat 1530 – 1540 AD 1555 – 1556 AD Humayun He was defeated by Sher Shah 1540 – 1555 AD Sur Empire Sher Shah defeated Humayun and ruled from 1540-45 AD 1556 2 nd  Battle of Panipat Akbar Vs. Hemu 1556 – 1605 AD Akbar Established Din-i-illahi, expanded Mughal empire 1605 – 1627 AD Jehangir Captain William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited the Mughal court 1628 -1658 AD Shahjahan The pinnacle of Mughal empire and art and architecture 1658 – 1707 AD Aurangazeb Beginning of the decline of Mughal empire 1707 – 1857 AD Later Mughals Decline and disintegration of the Mughal empire with gaining strength of the British Babur (1526 - 1530) Babur,  the founder of Mughal Empire in India, traced his ancestry to the Timurid dynasty. In 1517 Ibrahim Lodhi succeeded Sikander Lodhi. Embassies from Daulat Khan and Rana Sanga inviting Babur to displace Ibrahim Lodhi led to  the 1 st ...
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Indian National Movement Part-2

Indian National Movement Part-2 (1905-1917) The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The extremists or aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means. The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Causes for the Rise of Extremism The failure of the Moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act (1892) The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole country and the suffering of the masses The economic conditions of the people became worse. The ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa on the basis of the colour of skin. The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon: He passed the Calcutta Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body. The Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the ...
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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021

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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams & Railways exams. Recently, in the SSC MTS, SSC CHSL, RRB NTPC, etc questions based on Rivers & riverside cities were asked in many shifts. Also, In competitive exams, questions are directly asked based on the city and rivers. Generally, questions are asked in the following types: 1. Which of the following cities is situated on the bank of this river? 2. Agra is situated on the bank of the river.......? 3. Match the following pairs: Cities and rivers will be given. We are providing you with a list of Important cities with the Rivers on which they are situated. It will be useful for all SSC and Railway exams like SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, SSC GD Constable, RRB NTPC, DFCCIL, DSSSB LDC, etc List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams ...
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Arrival of Europeans in India

Arrival of Europeans in India Portuguese Vasco-da-Gama  reached the port of Calicut in 1498 during the reign of king Zamorin (Hindu ruler of Calicut). Settlements:  Daman, Salsette, Chaul, and Bombay (West coast), San Thome (near Madras) and at Hooghly. Alfonso de Albuquerque , the second Governor of India (first being Fransisco de Almeida) arrived in 1509 and captured Goa in AD 1510. Dutch Dutch  East India Company was formed in AD 1602. Dutch  were defeated by English at the  Battle of Bedara  in AD 1759 and as per the agreement, the Dutch gained the control over Indonesia and the British over India, Sri Lanka and Malaya. Settlements  They set-up their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1605. Their other factories were at Pulicat, Chinsura, Patna, Balasore, Naga pattanam, Cochin, Surat, Karikal, and Kasimbazar. English The English East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. Jahangir granted a Farman to...
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