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Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India

Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India Bhakti Movement  Development in South India The development of Bhakti movement took place in  Tamil Nadu  between 7 th  and 12 th  CE. It was reflected in the emotional poems of the  Nayanars  (devotees of Shiva) and  Alvars  (devotees of Vishnu). These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper. Features Discarded rituals and sacrifices The emphasized purity of heart and mind, humanism and devotion Monotheistic in nature God has either  Saguna  or  Nirguna  form An egalitarian movement, they denounced casteism These saints preached in local languages They rejected the austerities preached by Jainism and Buddhism. These religions saw a decline in their growth due to Bhakti movement Social reforms: Disregarded caste system Attacked institutionalized religion, Brahminical dominance, idol worship...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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Nicknames of Indian Cities

List of Nicknames of Indian Cities: Name of the City Nicknames State Agra City of Taj Petha Nagari Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Boston of India Manchester of India Gujarat Allahabad or Prayagraj Abode of the God City of Prime Ministers Sangam City Uttar Pradesh Amritsar Golden City of India Punjab Asansol Land of Black Diamond West Bengal Bengaluru or Banglore Electronic City of India Garden City of India IT Capital of India Science city of India Silicon Valley of India Space City Karnataka Bhagalpur The Silk City of India Bihar Bhopal City of Lakes Madhya Pradesh Indore Mini Mumbai Madhya Pradesh Bhimavaram City of Prawns Second Bardoli of India Andhra Pradesh Bhubaneswar Temple City of India Odisha Chandigarh The City Beautiful Chandigarh Chennai Auto Hub of India Detroit of Asia Gateway of South India Health Capital of India Banking Capital of India Motor city of India Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Textile City of India Manchester of South India Capital of Kongunadu Engineering City of In...
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17 Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] To Transform Our World   GOAL 1 : No Poverty.  GOAL 2 : Zero Hunger.  GOAL 3 : Good Health and Well-being.  GOAL 4 : Quality Education.  GOAL 5 : Gender Equality.  GOAL 6 : Clean Water & Sanitation.  GOAL 7 : Affordable & Clean Energy.  GOAL 8 : Decent Work & Economic Growth.  GOAL 9 : Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure.  GOAL 10 : Reduced Inequality.  GOAL 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities.  GOAL 12 : Responsible Consumption & Production.  GOAL 13 : Climate Action.  GOAL 14 : Life Below Water.  GOAL 15 : Life on Land.  GOAL 16 : Peace & Justice Strong Institutions. GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal.
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Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty

Chalukyas and Pallava Dynasty THE CHALUKYAS Chalukyas were the Karnataka rulers and their History can be classified into three eras: The early western era  (6th - 8th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi); The later western era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Kalyani; The eastern Chalukya era  (7th - 12th century), the era which belonged to Chalukyas of Vengi. Pulakeshin I  (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami dynasty. The capital of his kingdom was Vatapi in Bijapur. Pulakeshin I  was succeeded by  Kirthivarma I  (566-596). After his untimely death, his brother  Mangalesha (597-610)  was made the caretaker ruler as the son of Kirthivarma I  -  Prince Pulakesin II   was a baby. Mangalesha made several failed attempts to kill the prince but was killed himself by the prince and his friends. The most famous king of the Chalukyan dynasty was  Pul...
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Notes on Mahatma Gandhi

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Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi is respected as the Father of the Nation by all the citizens of India, as he is the man behind India’s successful struggle for independence against the British rule in India. He also worked for the betterment of poor people in India. His ideologies of Satyagraha and non-violence have been guiding the entire world till now. On 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, we are providing you with the details of his life which is equally important for all competitive examinations and for general knowledge.  Mahatma Gandhi He was a well-known activist, political leader, lawyer, and author of various famous books like  The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, Pathway to God,   Constructive Programme   its meaning and place , etc. His life has influenced many, and his ideologies have been adopted by various great leaders like  Martine Luther King, Nelson Mandela,  etc. Earlier Life of Mahatma Gandhi Basic F...
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Political & Socio-religious Organization before INC

Political & Socio-religious Organization before INC (Indian National Congress) is a very important topic in modern history. In every exam which contains general awareness section, there are 2-3 questions asked from this topic. Political & Socio-religious Organization before INC Political & Socio-religious Associations began to take shape in the first half of the nineteenth century. Initially, they were dominated by the rich and educated intelligentsia. They were not at the pan-India level but regional in their operations. They had general demands like increasing the representation of Indians in administration; to bring out educational and military reforms; to work for the development of modern industries in India; etc. They used to send long petitions to the government in this regard. Pre-Congress Political organizations in Bengal Name of Organization Year of formation Founder/associates Objectives/ Remarks Bangabhasaha Prakasika Sabha 1836 Associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy ...
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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021

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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams & Railways exams. Recently, in the SSC MTS, SSC CHSL, RRB NTPC, etc questions based on Rivers & riverside cities were asked in many shifts. Also, In competitive exams, questions are directly asked based on the city and rivers. Generally, questions are asked in the following types: 1. Which of the following cities is situated on the bank of this river? 2. Agra is situated on the bank of the river.......? 3. Match the following pairs: Cities and rivers will be given. We are providing you with a list of Important cities with the Rivers on which they are situated. It will be useful for all SSC and Railway exams like SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, SSC GD Constable, RRB NTPC, DFCCIL, DSSSB LDC, etc List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams ...
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC) : HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION John Marshall,  the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Geographical Extent of IVC 1. Extent:  The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Image source: NCERT 2. Important cities City River Archaeological Importance Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar - Rakhigarhi  (Haryana) - -...
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Longest Rivers of India

Longest Rivers of India:  India is a land of rivers.   All rivers in India are regarded as holy/religious sites, and they have played an important part in Indian traditions in various ways from prehistoric times. Every area of India is dotted with numerous significant rivers and  these massive bodies of water play a significant part in the country's economic growth.  What is a River? A river is a natural freshwater watercourse that runs into an ocean, sea, lake, or another river. The majority of India's main rivers run east and empty into the Bay of Bengal. Only five rivers in India flow from east to west, draining into the Arabian Sea: the Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Luni, and Sabarmati. Classification of Rivers India's rivers are classified into two types: Himalayan Rivers (rivers that originate in the Himalayas) and Peninsular Rivers ( rivers that originate in the Peninsula ). Himalayan rivers are permanent, whereas Peninsular rivers are nourished by the rain.  Thi...
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