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Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India

Bhakti and Sufi Movement in Medieval India Bhakti Movement  Development in South India The development of Bhakti movement took place in  Tamil Nadu  between 7 th  and 12 th  CE. It was reflected in the emotional poems of the  Nayanars  (devotees of Shiva) and  Alvars  (devotees of Vishnu). These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper. Features Discarded rituals and sacrifices The emphasized purity of heart and mind, humanism and devotion Monotheistic in nature God has either  Saguna  or  Nirguna  form An egalitarian movement, they denounced casteism These saints preached in local languages They rejected the austerities preached by Jainism and Buddhism. These religions saw a decline in their growth due to Bhakti movement Social reforms: Disregarded caste system Attacked institutionalized religion, Brahminical dominance, idol worship...
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Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC)

Early Vedic Period (1500BC-1000BC) Rig Veda is the only source of knowledge of this period. Rig Veda is the oldest text in the world. The Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 mandalas. The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. To begin with, the Vedas were recited and not written. They were taught by the oral method. Hence they were called as Sruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized). But later on, they were reduced to writing after the invention of scripts. Original home and identity and Geographical area Aryans are distinguished by their common  Indo-European Language  family which is widely disseminated in the Eurasian Region Max Muller  opines that they’ve lived in the Central Asia/Steppes region who then invaded into Indian Subcontinent. Names of certain animals and plants common to Indo-European languages are cited as proofs. Their main occupation being  Pastoral  while  Agriculture  remained as a  Secondary   Horse  played ...
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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021

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List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams & Railways exams. Recently, in the SSC MTS, SSC CHSL, RRB NTPC, etc questions based on Rivers & riverside cities were asked in many shifts. Also, In competitive exams, questions are directly asked based on the city and rivers. Generally, questions are asked in the following types: 1. Which of the following cities is situated on the bank of this river? 2. Agra is situated on the bank of the river.......? 3. Match the following pairs: Cities and rivers will be given. We are providing you with a list of Important cities with the Rivers on which they are situated. It will be useful for all SSC and Railway exams like SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, SSC GD Constable, RRB NTPC, DFCCIL, DSSSB LDC, etc List of Riverside Cities and States in India 2021:  Geography is an important part of General Awareness for SSC Exams ...
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Education System during the British Period

Read important notes for UPSC on  Education during the British period . Also, Download Educational Development during British Rule pdf notes in Hindi and English here. Educational reforms during British rule were not destined for the development of India per se but Indians have utilized it in fullest to their advantage to fight for their independence. It has been observed that every year,  1-2 questions in UPSC/State PCS exams  are from educational developments during the colonial period. Here is the detailed list of all education reforms undertaken by the British. Education during the British Period Individual efforts under company rule Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 to study Muslim laws and customs. Jonathan Duncan established Sanskrit college at Banaras in 1791 for Hindu laws and philosophy. Fort William College was set up in 1800 by Wellesley for the training of civil servants of the Company. (It was closed in 1802). Charter Act of 1813 1...
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Important Monuments (State-wise) and their Builders

Know Your State | Important Monuments (State-wise) and their Builders:  In almost all the competitive exams, many Static GK-based questions are asked. Here, I'm providing you with the List of Indian Monuments that can be asked in the upcoming SSC & Railways Exams. Know Your State | Important Monuments (State-wise) and Their Builders Monument Place Built by Year/Century Agra Fort Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Akbar 1573 AD Agra city Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Sikandar Lodi - Aram Bagh Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Babur 1528 AD Akbar’s Tomb Sikandra, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Akbar and his son Jahangir 1613 AD Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula Agra (Uttar Pradesh) NoorJahan 1628 AD Jama Masjid Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1648 AD Deewan-E- Khas Agra Fort, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan - Shish Mahal Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1632 AD Moti Masjid Agra Fort, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1635 AD Taj Mahal Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1653 AD Anand Bhawan Allahabad, (Uttar Pradesh) Motilal Nehru 1930 AD Bada Ima...
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Longest Rivers of India

Longest Rivers of India:  India is a land of rivers.   All rivers in India are regarded as holy/religious sites, and they have played an important part in Indian traditions in various ways from prehistoric times. Every area of India is dotted with numerous significant rivers and  these massive bodies of water play a significant part in the country's economic growth.  What is a River? A river is a natural freshwater watercourse that runs into an ocean, sea, lake, or another river. The majority of India's main rivers run east and empty into the Bay of Bengal. Only five rivers in India flow from east to west, draining into the Arabian Sea: the Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Luni, and Sabarmati. Classification of Rivers India's rivers are classified into two types: Himalayan Rivers (rivers that originate in the Himalayas) and Peninsular Rivers ( rivers that originate in the Peninsula ). Himalayan rivers are permanent, whereas Peninsular rivers are nourished by the rain.  Thi...
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Nicknames of Indian Cities

List of Nicknames of Indian Cities: Name of the City Nicknames State Agra City of Taj Petha Nagari Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Boston of India Manchester of India Gujarat Allahabad or Prayagraj Abode of the God City of Prime Ministers Sangam City Uttar Pradesh Amritsar Golden City of India Punjab Asansol Land of Black Diamond West Bengal Bengaluru or Banglore Electronic City of India Garden City of India IT Capital of India Science city of India Silicon Valley of India Space City Karnataka Bhagalpur The Silk City of India Bihar Bhopal City of Lakes Madhya Pradesh Indore Mini Mumbai Madhya Pradesh Bhimavaram City of Prawns Second Bardoli of India Andhra Pradesh Bhubaneswar Temple City of India Odisha Chandigarh The City Beautiful Chandigarh Chennai Auto Hub of India Detroit of Asia Gateway of South India Health Capital of India Banking Capital of India Motor city of India Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Textile City of India Manchester of South India Capital of Kongunadu Engineering City of In...
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17 Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] To Transform Our World   GOAL 1 : No Poverty.  GOAL 2 : Zero Hunger.  GOAL 3 : Good Health and Well-being.  GOAL 4 : Quality Education.  GOAL 5 : Gender Equality.  GOAL 6 : Clean Water & Sanitation.  GOAL 7 : Affordable & Clean Energy.  GOAL 8 : Decent Work & Economic Growth.  GOAL 9 : Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure.  GOAL 10 : Reduced Inequality.  GOAL 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities.  GOAL 12 : Responsible Consumption & Production.  GOAL 13 : Climate Action.  GOAL 14 : Life Below Water.  GOAL 15 : Life on Land.  GOAL 16 : Peace & Justice Strong Institutions. GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal.
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Kushana Rule

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Hello Aspirants,  In this article, we have covered the Kushanas rule which was prevalent in Northern India around 232 BC. Below the article you will also find the direct link to download the PDF of these notes. All the Best!! Kushana Rule The decline of the Mauryan empire began after Ashoka’s rule ended in 232 BC. The empire collapsed within 25 years. Simultaneously the area began to shrank and several powers both native and outsiders occupied the space. Among the natives were Sungas, Kanvas and Satvahanas in eastern and Deccan India. During 200 BC, there started widespread contacts with Central Asia. As India didn’t saw any large empire of Mauryan scale for a long time, several of the dynasties from northwestern part started pushing. Some of the prominent were Sakas, Parthians etc. Kushans were one among them who came around 50 AD. Background of Kushans Kushans succeeded the Parthian rulers. Yue-chi tribe was divided into five clans and they were one among them, also called as Toc...
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DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS DURING BRITISH RULE The evolution of Indian press during British rule was filled with difficulties like illiteracy, colonial pressure and repression. But later on, it became a prominent tool for the freedom struggle. Some of the important developments are: The first printing press was established by Portuguese in 1556. First newspaper of India was established in 1780 by  James Augustus Hickey  named Calcutta General Advertiser or The Bengal Gazette. He is considered as the ‘Father of Indian press’. Bengal Gazette is also sometimes known as Hickey’s Gazette. This newspaper was later seized by the government in 1782. The censorship Act, 1799: It was enacted by Lord Wellesley to prevent French from spreading rumours which could harm British. According to this, every newspaper should contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor. Before printing anything, it should be submitted to the secretary of Censorship. Licensing regulation, 1823: It was enacte...
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